The Evolution of the Word "Kherad" (Wisdom) from the Avesta to Kalila and Dimna

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 shiraz university

2 university of shiraz

10.22099/jchr.2025.52705.1009

Abstract

The concept of "wisdom" (kherad) has undergone significant transformations throughout Iranian civilization. Originally rooted in Zoroastrian thought as the divine plan of Ahura Mazda, kherad encompassed reason, rationality, and thought. However, after the advent of Islam, while the term retained its divine associations, its meanings began to shift. By analyzing key texts—including the Avesta, MehniKherad, Shahnameh, the poetry of Rudaki and Shahid Balkhi, as well as Qabusnameh and Kalila and Dimna—this study traces the semantic evolution of kherad. The findings reveal a gradual departure from its sacred origins;  by the 6th century A.H. (12th century C.E.), in works like Kalila and Dimna, the term had acquired connotations of trickery and deception. During this period, "wisdom" and the "wise man" no longer strictly denoted sacred virtues. Instead, wisdom became a pragmatic tool for achieving personal goals, and the "wise" individual was redefined as one who pursued objectives by any means necessary. This semantic shift reflects broader changes in societal values and intellectual discourse. Given the centrality of kherad in Iranian culture, its transformation offers critical insights into the cultural and philosophical evolution of the era.
 

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Journal of Civilization History

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 17 June 2025

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