The relationship between the evolutionary nature of civilization and the degeneration of its people (Review and criticism of Marshall Hodgson's view)

Among the scholars of civilization, there is a difference of opinion on whether civilizations exist or not. Some people only consider history as separate cultures and basically do not believe in anything called civilization, but some who believe in civilization are several groups, some believe in the decline of civilization. And they believed that civilizations are exhaustible and go to the end in such a way that they can no longer survive. Marshall Hodgson as one of the most outstanding civilization researchers; He considers the macro-nature of civilization to be a unit, whose people are exchanging situations and people, and basically, degradation does not happen at the macro-level of the nature of civilization. Hodgson considers the foundations of the evolution of civilization to be the same for all its people and the decline of a civilization is simply the dissolution of another civilization, which is effective in the lower layers as the components of the late civilization, and based on the surrounding conditions, there is a possibility of its reappearance.Hodgson considers the foundations of the evolution of civilization to be the same for all its people, and the decline of a civilization is simply the dissolution of another civilization, which is effective in the lower layers as the components of the late civilization, and based on the surrounding conditions, it is possible to reappear.Hodgson emphasizes some elements such as language in the process of transferring and exchanging people of civilization in the pre-modern environment, but in the modern environment, he proposes a change in the pattern of human capital. which did not lead to fundamental changes, so the version of modern civilization is the same version of pre-modern civilization that has gone through a single course.In Hodgson's idea, civilization has the truth that its states only change according to the surrounding conditions and move from one point to another, and it is not the case that the decline of some examples of civilization leads to the decline of the general nature of civilization.